Breasts as a perceived barrier to physical activity in Mexican women: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Scarce evidence exists on barriers to physical activity in Mexican women. Despite evidence from other countries, no research has investigated the influence of the breast on PA in this population. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the breast and physical activity in Mexican women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. METHODS: Volunteers were 279 Mexican women from Veracruz, Durango, and Baja California states, who completed a paper survey of their demographics, brassiere characteristics, breast pain, and frequency and amounts of weekly physical activity. RESULTS: The first barrier to physical activity was time constraints, followed by breast-related issues. Breast pain was reported by 47.1% of women, and the breast as a barrier to physical activity participation was reported by 30.6%. Responses, such as "I am embarrassed by excessive breast movement" and "My breasts are too big" were the most frequently reported breast-related barriers to physical activity. Breast pain was associated with the menstrual cycle and exercise. Breast health knowledge and pain intensity were unrelated to moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity. The 36.4% and 6.7% of women did not meet weekly moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity guidelines, respectively. Weekly moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity was similar between women reporting breast pain and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Because the breast was the second most significant barrier to physical activity, it is imperative to increase breast health knowledge in Mexican women to reduce impediments to physical activity.

Perception of Mexican women regarding their breasts as a barrier to physical activityPhysical activity provides numerous health benefits, sometimes associated with reversing or delaying several diseases. However, barriers to increasing physical activity in women remain, as the breast is an anatomical aspect that is unique to women. Breast pain has been reported in more than 50% of women who perform physical exercise. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the associations between breast characteristics and barriers to physical activity in Mexican women. Two hundred and seventy-nine women from three Mexican states voluntarily participated in the study. They answered survey questions on the history of bra use, barriers to physical activity, and essential demographic characteristics. The main findings of this study were that issues related to the breasts were reported as the second barrier to physical activity participation. In addition, time constraints were reported as the main reason impeding physical activity participation. Public health initiatives should support attempts to increase breast satisfaction among women of all breast sizes to stimulate engagement in physical activity throughout their lives.

In vitro asymbiotic germination for micropropagation of the recalcitrant terrestrial orchid Chloraea crispa (Orchidaceae).

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Chloraea crispa is a terrestrial Orchidaceae species native to Chile, characterized by a beautiful and showy inflorescence. The species has a great potential for commercial exploitation in the cut flower industry, but it is essential to improve propagation methods to avoid endangering its natural populations. Because this species is hard to propagate using traditional greenhouse techniques, in vitro techniques offer an effective tool for its large-scale production in terms of germination, growth, and propagation. METHODS: The current study evaluated the effect of the culture medium on the asymbiotic germination of C. crispa seeds, as well as the effects of the plant growth regulators 6-benzylaminopurine and indole-3-butyric acid. Different light regimes were also studied. RESULTS: A significant effect was observed for the interaction between culture media and light regime on the morphogenic response of the seeds. The highest rate of embryonic germination was obtained in Van Waes medium supplemented with 0.1 mg·L-1 of 6-benzylaminopurine. DISCUSSION: For the first time, asymbiotic culture of this species using biotechnology tools has been developed. Plantlets developed very well under in vitro conditions, allowing the possibility to propagate and store genetic material for conservation and domestication purposes.

Proposed modification to avoidance test with Eisenia fetida to assess metal toxicity in agricultural soils affected by mining activities.

Use of avoidance tests is a quick and cost-effective method of assessing contaminants in soils. One option for assessing earthworm avoidance behavior is a two-section test, which consists of earthworms being given the choice to move between a test soil and a control substrate. For ecological relevance, tested soils should be field-contaminated soils. For practical reasons, artificial soils are commonly used as the control substrate. Interpretation of the test results compromised when the test soil and the artificial substrate differ in their physico-chemical properties other than just contaminants. In this study we identified the physico-chemical properties that influence avoidance response and evaluated the usefulness of adjusting these in the control substrate in order to isolate metal-driven avoidance of field soils by earthworms. A standardized two-section avoidance test with Eisenia fetida was performed on 52 uncontaminated and contaminated (Cu >155mgkg-1, As >19mgkg-1) agricultural soils from the Aconcagua River basin and the Puchuncaví Valley in Chile. Regression analysis indicated that the avoidance response was determined by soil organic matter (OM), electrical conductivity (EC) and total soil Cu. Organic matter content of the artificial substrate was altered by peat additions and EC by NaCl so that these properties matched those of the field soils. The resultant EC80 for avoidance (indicative of soils of "limited habitat") was 433mg Cu kg-1 (339 - 528mgkg-1 95% confidence intervals). The earthworm avoidance test can be used to assess metal toxicity in field-contaminated soils by adjusting physico-chemical properties (OM and EC) of the artificial control substrate in order to mimic those of the field-collected soil.

Propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento para medir las relaciones familiares en adolescentes intelectualmente sobresalientes / Psychometric properties of an instrument to measure family relationships in intellectually outstanding adolescents

Objetivo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las propiedades psicométricas correspondientes a la dimensión Relaciones de la escala para evaluar el clima familiar de Moos, Moos y Trickett (1984). Método. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con una metodología cuantitativa, para lo cual se seleccionó una muestra probabilística de 208 estudiantes de bachillerato, identificados con aptitudes sobresalientes. Resultados. La validez de la escala se estableció a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio, utilizándose el método de ecuaciones estructurales, mediante el cual se obtuvo un modelo factorial sustentable, compuesto por dos factores (apoyo-tolerancia y conflicto), no apareciendo en este modelo el factor de expresividad de la escala original. Además, el instrumento cuenta con validez discriminante, ya que permite diferenciar a los estudiantes cuyos puntajes se sitúan entre los percentiles 25, 50 y 75, correspondientes a climas familiares negativo, aceptable y positivo, respectivamente; los indicadores de confiabilidad también resultaron aceptables. Conclusión. En resumen, se puede afirmar que la escala obtenida cuenta con sustento teórico y psicométrico suficiente para ser utilizada en la medición de este constructo en estudiantes adolescentes con aptitudes sobresalientes.

Objective. This study had as main objective to determine the psychometrical properties corresponding to the relationship dimension of Moos, Moos y Trickett's (1984) scale to evaluate the family atmosphere. Method. A descriptive study with a quantitative methodology, which involved a sample of 208 High school students identified as possessing outstanding attitudes, was carried out for the purpose of this work. Results. The scale's validity was established by means of a confirmatory factorial analysis using the structural equations method which provided a sustainable factorial model composed of two factors (Support-Tolerance and Conflict) where the original scale's expressivity factor did not appear. Furthermore, the instrument has discriminatory validity since it allows the differentiation of students whose scores are between percentages 25, 50 and 75 of the scale; and who have acceptable reliability indicators. Conclusion. Summing up, it can be affirmed that the scale obtained relies on sufficient theoretical and psychometrical support to be used in the measurement of this construct on teen students with outstanding attitudes.

Escopo. O presente estudo teve como escopo determinar as propriedades psicométricas correspondentes à dimensão Relações da escala para avaliar o clima familiar de Moos, Moos e Trickett (1984). Metodologia. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo com uma metodologia quantitativa para o qual foi selecionada uma amostra probabilística de 208 estudantes de ensino médio com habilidades sobressalientes. Resultados. A validez da escala foi estabelecida a través de uma análises fatorial confirmatório e sendo utilizado o método de equações estruturais mediante o qual foi obtido um modelo fatorial sustentável composto por dois fatores (Apoio-Tolerância e Conflito) não aparecendo neste modelo, o fator de Expressividade da escala original. Além, o instrumento conta com a validez discriminante, já que permite diferenciar aos estudantes cujas porcentagens estão situadas entre os percentis 25, 50 e 75, correspondentes a climas familiares negativo, aceitável e positivo, respetivamente; os indicadores de confiabilidade também resultaram aceitáveis. Conclusão. Em resumo, é possível afirmar que a escala obtida conta com um sustento teórico e psicométrico suficiente para ser utilizada na medição deste construto em estudantes adolescentes com habilidades sobressalientes.

Perfil de la embarazada que presenta rotura prematura de membranas / Pregnant's profile that present premature rupture membranes

Este seminario de título, tiene por objeto realizar un perfil de la embarazada que presenta rotura prematura de membranas; Para ello se determinarán las características generales y obstétricas más frecuentes de estas mujeres, con este diagnóstico. Para la realización de este estudio, se consideró las primeras 50 embarazadas con diagnóstico certero RPM, que ingresaron a las unidades de pre-parto y embarazo patológico del Hospital Dr. Sotero del Río, en el mes de octubre de 1989. A éste grupo, se le entrevistó y aplicó un cuestionario de tipo mixto (instrumento) previamente probado. Constó de 23 preguntas entre generales y obstétricas. Una vez recolectada todos los datos, se procedió a tabularlos en tablas, las cuales fueron fabricadas previamente relacionando cada una de las variables que se quiso estudiar con la RPM. Todo ésto respaldado por un Marco Téorico. Enseguida cada tabla fue analizada, interpretada y comparada con la bibliografía revisada. Al término de este estudio, se pudo concluír que las características generales más frecuentes encontradas en la muestra fueron: Edad: 20-29 años (25-29 años, más específico). Nivel socio-económico: IES= A y B (B más específico). Actividad laboral previa a RPM: Dueña de casa. Actividad física previa a RPM: Acostada. Estado nutritivo (3 trimestre): Normal. Escolaridad: 1 a 8 año básico y 3 a 4 año medio. Actividad sexual, 1 semana previa a RPM: negativa. Y las características obstétricas más frecuentes encontradas en la muestra fueron: Paridad: nulíparas. Edad gestional en el momento de RPM: 39 A 40 semanas. Período interginésico: 2 a 5 años. Antecedentes de RPM: negativo. Tiempo de la evolución de la RPM : 1 a 12 horas (más específico 1 a 9 horas). Número de controles del embarazo: 5 o más 9 controles. Inicio del control del embarazo: precoz. Embarazo con DIU IN SITU: no concluyente. Tipo de presentación: cefálica-vertice. Enfermedades de transmisión sexual: VDRL= no reactivo. Patologías propias del embarazo: anemia gestacional. Patologías contaminantes del embarazo: Leucorrea. Procedimientos realizados, 3 días previos a RPM: Tacto vaginal